CockroachDB is a cloud‑native, strongly‑consistent distributed SQL database built on the Raft consensus protocol. Version 24.1 (May 2025) introduced schema‑change staging with two‑phase commits, Pebble LSM optimizations that cut write amplification by 35 %, and Foreign Data Wrappers for federated queries. Its PostgreSQL‑compatible wire protocol, automatic shard rebalancing, and multi‑region survivability deliver global ACID transactions with zero‑downtime upgrades.
Sub‑millisecond key‑value datastore supporting rich data types, streams, and search. Redis 7.2 (Aug 2023) added ACL v2, stronger TLS, and optimized I/O threads—cementing its role in caching, queues, and AI feature stores.
Horizontally‑scalable commit‑log for high‑throughput event streams. Kafka 3.7 (2025) brings KRaft (ZooKeeper‑less) mode GA, tiered storage, and faster fetch APIs, enabling petabyte retention without operational overhead.
AMQP‑based broker excelling at reliable task queues. The 3.13 branch (Feb 2024) stabilizes quorum and stream queues, ships built‑in Prometheus metrics, and simplifies TLS cert rotation for production fleets.
NATS is a lightweight, open‑source pub/sub messaging system for cloud‑native microservices and IoT. The 2.11 release (Apr 2025) enhances JetStream persistence, introduces Key‑Value v2 with bucket‑wide replication, and adds multi‑tenant leafnodes for edge‑aware routing—delivering sub‑millisecond latencies with at‑least‑once or exactly‑once semantics.
Industry‑standard object store offering 11 nines durability and 99.99 % availability across multiple AZs, with tiered classes, lifecycle rules, and native event notifications for serverless data pipelines.
Edge‑optimized object store that eliminates egress fees while matching S3 APIs. R2 integrates seamlessly with Workers and durable objects to enable full‑stack, zero‑cold‑data‑tax architectures.
Apache Cassandra 5.0 (Sept 2024) introduces Storage‑Attached Indexes, trie‑based memtables, and vector search—slashing query latency and unlocking AI/ML embedding workflows at multi‑petabyte scale.
High‑performance, Kubernetes‑native object store written in Go. MinIO’s 2024 AIStor release leverages erasure coding, SIMD acceleration, and WORM mode to deliver multi‑TiB/s throughput for AI training pipelines.
Blazing‑fast open‑source analytics engine for petabyte‑scale workloads. ClickHouse 24.6 (June 2025) adds optimal table sorting, S3Queue refactor, and native Azure Queue ingestion—pushing real‑time dashboards under 100 ms.
